论新时期男女平等的体现

惠云


1992年4月3日，全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过了《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》，明确了妇女的政治权利、文化教育权益、劳动权益、财产权益、人身权利、婚姻家庭权益的具体内容。1995年，我国在联合国第四次世界妇女大会欢迎仪式上向全世界宣布，“把男女平等作为促进我国社会发展的一面基本国策”。近几年来，各级妇女组织以邓小平理论为指导，按照"三个代表"的要求，适应改革开放，经济结构调整的新形势，加强思想建设，以团结、勤奋、务实、创新的精神，创造出了良好的成绩。但是，在现实生活中，纵观人口、环境、土地等基本国策的实施，也有不尽不处。长期以来，女性相对男性普通处于弱势。我国农村，男女不平等的因素还很多如：女子出嫁后，户口没有迁出，村委就将其责任田抽回，《妇女权益保障法》第三十条规定“农村划分责任田、口粮田等，以及批准宅基地，妇女与男子享有平等权利，不得侵害妇女的合法权益。妇女结婚、离婚后其责任田、口粮田和宅基地等，应当受到保障”。为了实现男妇平等和妇女全面发展，把男女平等作为基本国策，体现了社会可持续发展的时代要求。妇女作为我国社会主义建设的一支生力军越来越得到社会的公认和称赞。
虽然现阶段妇女的素质有了很大的提高，也不能否认当前农村妇女的科学文化素质仍处于较低的水平，还不能适应现经济社会发展的需要，特别是受传统观念的影响。一部分妇女安于现状，缺乏市场意识和经济头脑，受一些不良宣传的影响，少数女青年缺乏积极向上的理想和信念，为了满足虚荣享乐，走上了卖淫、傍大款、做情人的路，还有一部分妇女不知法、不学法、不懂的用法律的武器来维护自己的合法权益，因此走上犯罪的道路。所以，妇女问题是重要的社会问题。解决男女不平等，妇女受歧视问题，推进男女平等的参与发展，是全社会的共同责任。落实男女平等基本国策，要认真落实国家有关男女平等的法律法规政策，真正把法律赋予妇女的合法权益落实到实处。
有作为才能有地位，从根本上提高中国妇女的地位，真正实现男女平等，最终取决于女性整体素质的提高。做为现在女性不仅应该树立自尊、自信、自立、自强意识，努力学习，不断提高自己素质，迅速不懈地增强在市场经济和改革开放条件下的适应能力和竞争能力，还要学法、懂法、用法，用法律武器来捍卫自己的合法权益。作为新时期的女性，应当充分认识新世纪的时代特征和发展趋势，增强与时共进的现代意识，保持独立健全的人格。
新世纪是一个充满希望的世纪，我们党制定了一系列实现中华民族腾飞的战略目标。实现这一目标不仅需要男性的积极参与，同样需要女性的努力奋斗。作为女性应克服自卑心理，弘扬女性自强不息的奋斗精神，为实现自身价值而努力奋斗。记得我调入法院工作不久，被安排到行政庭工作，每天和那些来自农村的当事人打交道，并且他们所面对的都是行政机关，他们总认为我们法官在办理案件时，只要他们不请吃饭，官司就不会赢。为此，他们总是找关系，想办法，转上几个弯找熟人请法官吃饭，给他们解释我们是依法办事，打官司是靠证据，不是靠吃饭，但他们不相信，有时还讲某某人因没找关系官司没打赢等等。我对他们的做法很难接受。不能否认，我们有的法官会做一些有损于法院形象的事，但我那只是少数人，并不能代表所有的法官。当我刚接触到这项工作时，也是有很多人担心我一个女同志，面对的一边是普通的百姓，一边是国家行政执法机关，担心我顶不住，但我考虑到自己虽然是一个女性，但同时也是一名新时期的法官，如果对工作挑挑拣拣，别人会瞧不起我们女同志，女性要自强，就要在自己的工作岗位上建功立业，就这样，我坚持干了下来，一干就是十年。十年来，我所办理的行政案件上百件，无一发回重审，改判。
大家也都知道，现在行政案件难就难在行政干预，为此，有时我顶着来自多方面的压力，有人说我认真，有人说我难请，但更多的人给我的评价就是公正廉明。在十年来，我不仅多次被评为法院先进工作者，而且还连续二年被评为市“优秀女法官”和“十佳女法官”。从一名书记员成长为现在的行政审判庭庭长。实践使我认识到，我们女同志做工作有女同志的优势，办案尤为如此，只要我们严格执法，秉公办案，始终保持昂扬奋进的精神状态，男同志能做到的，我们女同志也能做得到，并且做得更好。
特别是在改革开放的新时期，我们女性，要生存、要发展，仍然需要发扬自强不息的奋斗精神。新时期将是一个充满竞争的时期，竞争选择的是能力、水平，而不是派别。作为新时期的女性就应该有敢立潮头，奋勇争先的自信和干劲。只有通过竞争，才能让社会更进一步了解女性、认识女性、重用女性。男女平等是社会公正的体现，是社会发展的需要，也是社会进步与文明的标志。也正因如此，“男女平等”被定为我们的基本国策。
纵观我们的社会，女性受教育的权利在法律上实现了男女平等，在同处于优秀层次的男性与女性群体中，女性的智商、文化修养和综合能力并不亚于男性，而阻止女性走上领导岗位的真正原因是什么呢？恐怕主要是在干部人事制度上缺乏平等竞争的机制。撒切尔夫人曾有一段关于“分配名额“的名言：“我非常反对给妇女一定的名额。这是彻头彻尾的错误做法，在我的一生中，起作用的是成就和是否合格。”在一个可以平等竞争的环境里，给一个性别硬性分配一定的名额当然是没有道理的，不可思议的。所以制定指令性计划的做法，也以一个侧面说明了我们现实条件下，从政的环境对女性并不宽松。妇女长期处于同男子不平等的地位，歧视妇女的偏见，像一条无形的绳索来傅着人们的心灵，这种陈腐的观念早就应该打破。打破它的唯一办法是实行体制上的改革，建立平等竞争的用人制度。只有这样，才能使具有决策能力和领导风范的优秀女性和男性一起步入政治舞台，为人类社会贡献才智。
马克思主义妇女观，是运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的世界观、方法论，对妇女社会地位的演变、妇女的社会作用、妇女的社会权利和妇女争取解放的途径等基本问题作出 的科学分析和概括，是指导我国妇女运动发展的科学理论基础。我们党在领导中国人民进行社会主义革命和建设过程中，十分重视和支持妇女事业的发展，始终运用马克思主义基本原理及期妇女观分析研究解决妇女问题，并在实践 坚持和发展马克思主义妇女观，形成了丰富的妇女理论，成为当代马克思主义的组成部分。妇女解放是一个长期的历史过程，它不仅为一定的社会制度所制约，其发展程序也为一定的社会制度其发展程度也为一定的社会制度所制约，其发展程序也为一定的社会发展时期的经济文化发展水平所制约。处在社会主义初级阶段的我国，受经济和社会发展水平的制约和几千年封建传统文化的影响，现实中还存在种种轻视歧视甚至残害妇女权益的现象，即使在社会主义制度和法律提供了根本保障的前提下，为使法律上的男女平等真正成为事实上的男女平等仍然是一个长期而艰巨的任务。为此，党的第三代中央领导集体，一方面大力发展社会生产力，为实现男女平等创造客观物质条件。另一方面，充分发挥社会主义制度的优越性和政府行为的作用，运用宏观调控机制，为广大妇女参与社会生产劳动、参政议政、接受教育、实现婚姻自由等方面创造了条件，把妇女发展问题纳入社会发展整体规划，进而提出了男女平等的基本国策，从而是把妇女问题、妇女工作在国家民族发展中的位置提升到了一个新的高度，是以江泽民同志为核心的第三代领导集体对马克思主义妇女观的新实践新发展，是我们党在妇女问题上一次认识论的升华，标志着我国妇女运动进入一个更加理性、更加自觉、更高层次的新阶段。

（作者单位：垦利县人民法院）

国务院


中华人民共和国进口货物许可制度暂行条例(附英文)

1984年1月10日，国务院

第一条 为了加强进口贸易的计划管理，提高经济效益，更好地为社会主义现代化建设服务，特制定本条例。
第二条 中华人民共和国实行进口货物许可制度。凡属本条例规定凭证进口的货物，除国家另有规定者外，都必须事先申请领取进口货物许可证，经由国家批准经营该项进口业务的公司办理进口订货。海关凭进口货物许可证和其他有关单证查验放行。
第三条 中华人民共和国对外经济贸易部代表国家统一签发进口货物许可证。
省级对外经济贸易管理部门，在对外经济贸易部规定的范围内，可以签发本省、自治区、直辖市进口货物许可证。
对外经济贸易部也可以授权派驻主要口岸的特派员办事处，在规定的范围内签发进口货物许可证。
第四条 经国家批准，可以经营进口业务的各类公司，都必须严格按照批准的经营范围和进口商品目录办理进口业务。
前款公司中的外贸专业进出口总公司、部属进出口公司、省级人民政府所属进出口公司进口的货物，除国家限制进口者外，免领进口货物许可证，海关凭有关进口单证查验放行。其他公司进口货物，都必须申请领取进口货物许可证，海关凭进口货物许可证和有关单证查验放行。
禁止未经批准经营进口业务的部门、企业自行进口货物。
第五条 根据国家规定，经国务院有关部委或省、自治区、直辖市人民政府批准，对外签订的来料加工、来件装配、补偿贸易、承包工程的协议、合同项下的进口货物，没有超出批准项目范围的，免领进口货物许可证。但是，补偿贸易、承包工程项下进口国家限制进口的货物，以及来?
霞庸ぁ⒗醇芭湎钕陆诘牧稀⒓蚣庸さ某善罚枰谙模急匦肷昵肓烊〗诨跷镄砜芍ぁ?
第六条 进口国家限制进口的货物，不分进口方式、外汇来源、进口渠道，都必须按照国家规定的审批权限，报经主管部门和归口审查部门审核批准，由订货单位凭批准证件申请领取进口货物许可证。
国家限制进口货物的品种，由对外经济贸易部根据国家规定统一公布、调整。
第七条 下列进口，不属于前条第二款品种范围的，免领进口货物许可证：
一、经国家批准，可以经营进出口业务的各类公司，在进出口贸易中，购进的或接受外商免费提供的货样；
二、科研、教育、文化、体育、医药、卫生部门经对外经济贸易部、省级对外经济贸易管理部门或对外经济贸易部驻口岸特派员办事处批准，自行在国外购买国际市场价格在五千美元以下的急需的业务用品；
三、厂矿企业经对外经济贸易部、省级对外经济贸易管理部门或对外经济贸易部驻口岸特派员办事处批准，自行在国外购买国际市场价格在五千美元以下的生产急需的机电仪配件；
四、经国家特别批准进口的商品。
前款第二项、第三项、第四项进口物品，海关凭批准的证件查验放行。
第八条 前条第一款第二项、第三项自行购买的物品，国际市场价格超过规定限额的，必须申请领取进口货物许可证。
前条第一款第二项、第三项以外的机关、团体，自行在国外购买急需物品进口，也必须申请领取进口货物许可证。
第九条 中外合资经营企业生产所需物资，国内不能供应的，可以委托有关外贸公司向国外订购，也可以在该企业经营范围内自行进口。申请领取进口货物许可证的范围、手续，按照《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法实施条例》第六十三条的规定办理。
第十条 在下列情况下，对外经济贸易部不签发或撤销已经签发的进口货物许可证：
一、国家决定停止进口或暂停进口的货物；
二、不符合国家对外政策的进口货物；
三、不符合有关双边贸易协定、支付协定内容的进口货物；
四、不符合国家卫生部门、农牧渔业部门规定的药品、食品、动植物、农产品、畜产品、水产品的卫生标准、检疫标准的进口货物；
五、其他有损国家利益或违法经营的进口货物。
第十一条 申请领取进口货物许可证，必须持有厅、局级以上单位的公函，并提交经主管部门和归口审查部门批准进口的证件。申请内容包括进口货物名称、规格、数量、金额、用途、进口国别、外汇来源、对外成交单位等项目。经发证机关审核，符合规定的，予以签发进口货物许可
证。
申请单位领取进口货物许可证，必须如实申报，不得弄虚作假。违者，追究责任。
第十二条 进口货物许可证的有效期限为一年。货物在有效期限内没有进口，领证单位可以向发证机关申请展期，发证机关可以根据合同规定相应延长许可证有效期限。
第十三条 违反本条例规定，事先没有申请领取许可证而擅自进口货物的，海关可以没收货物或责令退运；经发证机关核准补证进口的，海关可以酌情处以罚款后放行。伪造、涂改、转让进口货物许可证的，海关按照海关法规的有关规定处理。
第十四条 经济特区进口供特区内使用的货物，按照经济特区的特别规定办理；经济特区运往内地的进口货物、特区产品，都应当按照本条例规定执行。
第十五条 本条例由对外经济贸易部负责解释；施行细则由对外经济贸易部会同海关总署制定。
第十六条 本条例自发布之日起施行。

INTERIM REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THELICENCING SYSTEM FOR IMPORT COMMODITIES

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE
LICENCING SYSTEM FOR IMPORT COMMODITIES
(Promulgated by the State Council on January 10, 1984)
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated to strengthen planning and administration
of imports, and to upgrade the economic efficiency, so as to facilitate
the construction of socialist modernization.
Article 2
The People's Republic of China implements the licencing system for import
commodities. With respect to all those commodities subject to a licence
for import as stipulated in these Regulations, except as otherwise
provided by the state, an application must be filed in advance for
obtaining an import licence, and the import order for the required
commodities shall be handled by a company approved by the state to be
engaged in the import business of the said commodities. The Customs shall
give clearance against the import licences and other relevant documents.
Article 3
The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade of the People's
Republic of China shall, on behalf of the state, be responsible for the
unified issue of the import licences. The departments of foreign economic
relations and trade at the provincial level may, within the scope of
competence prescribed by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade, issue import licences related to the importation of the respective
provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the
Central Government. The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
may also authorize its accredited representatives' offices stationed at
the main ports to issue, within the prescribed scope of competence, the
import licences.
Article 4
Various categories of companies that have been approved by the state to
engage in import business must handle the import business operations
strictly in accordance with the approved scope of business and with the
catalogue of import commodities. The goods, which are imported by the
national foreign trade corporations engaged in specialized import and
export business, or by import and export companies attached to various
ministries, or by import and export companies attached to various
provincial governments referred to by the term "companies" mentioned in
the preceding paragraph, shall, with the exception of those goods under
import restrictions imposed by the state, be exempt from the import
licences, and the Customs shall give clearance against the relevant import
documents.
All departments and enterprises without the approval of the state to
engage in import business are forbidden to import goods without
authorization.
Article 5
The goods which are imported in accordance with the provisions of the
state, and with the approval of the relevant ministries or commissions
under the State Council or of the people's governments of the respective
provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the
Central Government, for executing various agreements and contracts
concluded with parties from abroad for processing supplied materials, for
assembling supplied parts and components, for compensation trade, or for
contracting of construction projects, and which have not exceeded the
scope of the approved items, shall be exempt from import licences.
However, where the importation with respect to the compensation trade or
the contracting of construction projects goods under import restrictions
by the state; or where the materials or the parts and components or the
finished products after processing, imported for executing contracts for
processing supplied materials or for assembling supplied parts and
components are needed to diverse for domestic sale, an application must
filed for obtaining an import licence.
Article 6
In respect of the importation of goods under import restrictions imposed
by the state, irrespective of their forms of import, sources of foreign
exchange, and channels for import, the matter shall be submitted to the
competent administrative departments and the relevant examining
departments for examination and approval in accordance with the scope of
competence and limits of authority for examination and approval provided
by the state; and then, the ordering units shall apply for the import
licences by presenting the approval document.
The varieties of goods under import restrictions imposed by the state
shall be uniformly adjusted and made known to the public by the Ministry
of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade in accordance with the provisions
formulated by the state.
Article 7
The following imports, which do not fall under the scope of varieties
stipulated in the second paragraph of the preceding article, shall be
exempt from the import licences:
1. samples purchased or provided free of charge by foreign businessmen, in
the course of import and export business, by various categories of
companies which have been approved by the state to engage in import and
export business;
2. articles urgently required for professional usage which are purchased
from abroad at the international market price of 5,000 U.S. dollars or
less, by such departments as scientific research, education, culture,
physical culture, medicine, and public health, with the approval of the
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, or the administrative
departments of foreign economic relations and trade at the provincial
level, or the accredited representatives' offices of the Ministry of
Foreign Economic Relations and Trade stationed at various ports;
3. machinery and electrical instruments and fittings urgently required in
production which are purchased from abroad by industrial or mining
enterprises at the international market price of 5,000 U.S. dollars or
less, with the approval of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade, or the administrative departments of foreign economic relations and
trade at the provincial level, or the accredited representatives' offices
of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade stationed at
various ports;
4. commodities imported with the special approval by the state.
The Customs shall give clearance to the imported goods mentioned in Items
2, 3 and 4 of the preceding paragraph against the approval documents.
4 of the preceding paragraph against the approval documents.
Article 8
With respect to the goods purchased as mentioned in Items 2 and 3 of the
first paragraph of the preceding article, if they are bought at an
international market price that exceeds the prescribed limit, an
application must be filed for obtaining the import licences. If
departments or public institutions other than those mentioned in Items 2
and 3 of the first paragraph of the preceding article are to purchase from
abroad the urgently required articles, they must also apply for obtaining
the import licences.
Article 9
With respect to the goods and materials required in production by Chinese-
foreign equity joint ventures, if they cannot be obtained in the domestic
market, the aforesaid equity joint ventures may order them from abroad
through the relevant foreign trade companies, or the equity joint ventures
may, within their scope of business operation, import the goods and
materials by themselves. Matters concerning the scope of and the
procedures for the import licences shall be handled in accordance with the
provisions of Article 63 of the Rules for the Implementation of the Law of
the People's Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures.
Article 10
Under any one of the following circumstances, the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade shall not issue the import licence, or revoke
the import licence already issued:
1. goods the importation of which the state has decided to stop or to stop
for the time being;
2. goods the importation of which is not in conformity with the foreign
policy of the state;
3. the imported goods that are not in conformity with the contents of
bilateral trade agreements or the agreements of payment;
4. the imported goods that are not in conformity with the sanitation
criteria or the quarantine criteria for medicine, foodstuff, animals and
plants, agricultural products, livestock products, aquatic products, as
set by the state public health departments and the departments of
agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery;
5. other imported goods that jeopardize the interests of the state, or
that are handled illegally.
Article 11
To apply for the import licence, the applicant must present an official
certifying letter issued by a unit at the provincial department or bureau
level or higher, and submit also the certifying document indicating the
approval of the importation of the said goods by the relevant competent
administrative departments and the examining departments. The application
shall contain such items as the names of the imported goods,
specifications, quantity, amount of money paid, purposes of usage, the
country from which the goods are to be imported, sources of foreign
exchange, and the domestic units that shall conclude the transaction with
external units. The licence issuing department shall issue the import
licence after it has examined the application and found it to be in
conformity with relevant provisions.
In applying for the licence for import goods, the applying unit must make
the application strictly according to the facts and must not resort to
deception or trickery. Violators shall be investigated and punished.
Article 12
The term of validity of the import licence shall be one year. In the event
that within the term of validity the goods have not been imported, the
unit that holds the licence may make an application to the licence issuing
authorities for an extension of the term of validity; the licence issuing
authorities may, in accordance with the stipulations of the relevant
contract, extend the term of validity accordingly.
Article 13
In the event of a violation of the provisions of these Regulations, with
respect to the goods imported arbitrarily without applying for the import
licence in advance, the Customs may confiscate the goods or give an order
for the goods to be shipped back; where the importation has been verified
by the licence issuing department and the import licence has been issued
afterwards, the Customs may, at its discretion, impose a fine on the
violator and then give clearance. With respect to the forgery, alteration
or illegal transfer of the import licence, the case shall be dealt with by
the Customs in accordance with the pertinent provisions of the Customs
laws and regulations.
Article 14
Matters concerning goods imported by the special economic zones for the
use within the special economic zones shall be handled in accordance with
the special provisions of the special economic zones; matters concerning
the imported goods and the goods manufactured in the special economic
zones, which are to be transported to the inland of the country, shall all
be handled in accordance with the provisions of these Regulations.
Article 15
The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade shall be responsible
for the interpretation of these Regulations; and the rules for the
implementation of these Regulations shall be formulated jointly by the
Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade and the General
Administration of Customs.
Article 16
These Regulations shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.